Urology pertains to diagnosing and treating disorders of the urinary tract or urogenital system. The urinary tract consists of organs and tubes that produce and excrete urine. The urogenital system refers to the organs and functions involved in excretion and reproduction.

Physicians in this specialty treat patients suffering from numerous diseases and illnesses, but some of the most common are incontinence, impotency, sterilization, sexual dysfunctions, kidney stones, infertility, bladder disorders, benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph), benign prostatic hyperplasia, urinary tract infection, prostate cancer, erectile dysfunction (impotence), prostatitis, male infertility, urinary incontinence, testicular cancer, bladder cancer, cystitis, frequent urination, and bladder stones.

Once properly diagnosed, practitioners can perform numerous procedures on patients including seed implant (brachtherapy), circumcision, vasectomy, non-incisional sterilization, brachytherapy, lithotripsy, kidney biopsy, bladder reconstruction, prostate biopsy, nerve-sparing prostatectomy, kidney transplantation, cryosurgical treatment, robot-assisted nephrectomy and prostatectomy, retrograde pyelogram, and radical perineal prostatectomy.

To diagnose patients with possible illnesses and diseases, specialists will often perform one of many tests including computed tomography (ct or cat) scan of the kidney, kidney, ureter, and bladder x-ray, cystoscopy, kidney ultrasound, uroflowmetry, cystometry, kidney scan, intravenous pyelogram, retrograde cystography, renal venogram, prostate / rectal sonogram, retrograde pyelogram, cystography, uroscopy, renal angiogram, and antegrade pyelogram.

Doctor density varies by specialty and location. The United States has 11,229 practicing urologists. Broken out by state, urology doctor density in Alabama is 160, in Alaska is 28, in Arizona is 208, in Arkansas is 99, in California is 1,210, in Colorado is 160, in Connecticut is 155, in Delaware is 36, in District of Columbia is 67, in Florida is 748, in Georgia is 299, in Hawaii is 53, in Idaho is 43, in Illinois is 468, in Indiana is 225, in Iowa is 123, in Kansas is 114, in Kentucky is 169, in Louisiana is 208, in Maine is 51, in Maryland is 275, in Massachusetts is 347, in Michigan is 387, in Minnesota is 222, in Mississippi is 120, in Missouri is 212, in Montana is 33, in Nebraska is 66, in Nevada is 64, in New Hampshire is 68, in New Jersey is 413, in New Mexico is 64, in New York is 877, in North Carolina is 377, in North Dakota is 25, in Ohio is 485, in Oklahoma is 119, in Oregon is 145, in Pennsylvania is 544, in Rhode Island is 59, in South Carolina is 163, in South Dakota is 38, in Tennessee is 271, in Texas is 762, in Utah is 66, in Vermont is 35, in Virginia is 296, in Washington is 252, in West Virginia is 92, in Wisconsin is 226, and in Wyoming is 28.